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Rule of Holy Land
History of Turkey
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| | 1851 | Abdulhamid I | |
| France's show of force, combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced Sultan Abdlmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Chris tian authority in the Holy Land |
| 1851 | Pasha, Omar | |
| Napoleon III had his ambassador to the Ottoman Empire force the Ottomans to recognize France as the "sovereign authority" in the Holy Land |
| Napoleon III responds with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea, a "clear violation" of the London Straits Convention |
| Russia refers to the treaties of 1757 and 1774, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia is the protector of the Chris tian faith in the Ottoman Empire |
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