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Biographies
Alexander III
Alexander I
Andreotti, Giulio
Boniface VII
Ciampi, Carlo
Clement XII
Gregory VII
Gregory XIII
Innocent IV
Lillius, Aloysius
Mussolini, Benito Amilicare Andrea
Nicholas II
Siccardi, Giuseppe
Places
Rome
Vatican
Reform
History of Italy
0105
Alexander I
Vatican
Introduces mixing sacramental wine with water
0974
Boniface VII
Vatican
Becomes the
1st
Pontificate
1059
Nicholas II
14th April Vatican
Decrees papal elections should be conducted by the
College
of Cardinals
1075
Gregory VII
Vatican
Prohibits lay investiture of new Popes under penalty of excommunication
1179
Alexander III
The Lateran
Council
decides Popes must be elected by 2/3 of the
College
of Cardinals
1252
Innocent IV
Inquisitors are allowed bt the
Pope
to licence torture
1581
Gregory XIII
Adds an extra day to the
Julian
calendar, 29th Feb every 4 yrs
1582
Gregory XIII
Gregory XIII introduces the Gregorian calendar, devised by Aloysius Lillus
1582
Lillius, Aloysius
Gregory XIII introduces the Gregorian calendar, devised by Aloysius Lillus
1738
Clement XII
Vatican
Condems freemasonry
1849
Siccardi, Giuseppe
9th April
Introduces a law reducing the power of the
Catholic
Church
1928
Mussolini, Benito Amilicare Andrea
12th May
The electorate is reduced from 10 to 3 million
1991
Andreotti, Giulio
Rome
A referendum approves electoral reform
1993
Ciampi, Carlo
Rome
A new electoral system is based on 75% majority voting
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