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| 0771 | Stephen III |  |
| Makes an alliance with Lombard King Desiderius |
| 0816 | Stephen IV | |
| Vatican Orders Romans to swear fidelity to Carolingian Emperor Louis I the Pious |
| 1049 | Leo IX | |
| Vatican Creates an alliance with Baldwin V & threatens the Pope's cousin Emperor Henry II |
| 1059 | Nicholas II | |
| Confirms Robert Guiscard & Richard of Capua in possession of land in sth Italy |
| 1270 | Gregory X | |
| Accompanies Edward I to the Holy Land |
| 1273 | Gregory X | |
| Orvieto Edward I is hosted by Gregory X & granted taxes from the clergy for the Crusades |
| 1495 | Alexander VI | |
| Vatican Formed to drive out the French from Naples |
| Vatican Organizes the Holy League with Milan, Venice & Spain |
| 1526 | Clement VII | |
| 22nd May Cognac Enters the Holy League of Cognac with France, Venice & Milan against Charles V |
| 1527 | Clement VII | |
| Rome The Alliance of the League of Cognac is defeated by Charles V during the Siege of Rome |
| 1545 | Paul III | |
| Vatican Guanrantees Charles V 12,000 infantry & 500 cavalry to fight the Protestants |
| 1555 | Paul IV | |
| Vatican Allies with France in persuit of his anti-Spanish policy |
| 1570 | Pius V | |
| Vatican Forms a Chris tian Alliance against the Turks |
| 1610 | Charles Emmanuel I | |
| Makes an alliance with France against Spain & Austria |
| 1855 | Cavour, Camillo Benso di | |
| Jan Piedmont Sends 10,000 Piedmontese troops to assist the Allies |
| 1866 | Victor Emmanuel II | |
| 8th April Joins an alliance with Prussia against Austria |
| 1882 | Umberto I | |
| Brings Italy into the Triple Alliance with Germany & Austria-Hungary |
| 1935 | Mussolini, Benito Amilicare Andrea | |
| Mussolini & Laval declare arms limitations & mutual support |
| 1936 | Ciano | |
| 1st Nov Berlin Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy |
| 1936 | Ciano, Galeazzo | |
| 1st Nov Berlin Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy |
| 1936 | Mussolini, Benito Amilicare Andrea | |
| Mar Austria, Hungary & Italy sign a Three Power Pact |
| 1st Nov Milan During a speech Mussolini publicly refers to an "Axis" without divulging it's details |
| 1939 | Ciano | |
| Jan Rome Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel |
| 22nd May Rome Signs the Pact of Steel for Italy with Germany |
| 1939 | Ciano, Galeazzo | |
| Jan Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel |
| 22nd May Signs the Pact of Steel for Italy with Germany |
| 1939 | Mussolini, Benito Amilicare Andrea | |
| 22nd May Formalizes relations between Italy & Germany, Japan joins after the outbreak of war |
| 1940 | Mussolini, Benito Amilicare Andrea | |
| 13th May Tells Ciano Italy will enter the war on the German side |
| 1943 | Farinacci, Roberto | |
| 25th July One of a Fascist Grand Council minority who vote for loyalty to the German alliance |
