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| Arrest Charles I |  |
| 1st Dec The Army siezes Charles I |
| Arrest Anne of Austria |  |
| Lens Arrests 3 troublemakers in Parlement including Broussel after the battle of Lens |
| Paris Demonstrators force Anne to release Broussel & call for the removal of Mazarin |
| Arrest Hamilton, James |  |
| 17th Aug Preston Cromwell defeats the Scottish-Royalist invasion Army led by Hamilton |
| 25th Aug Uttoxeter Captured near Uttoxeter |
| Battle of Korsun Chmielnicki, Bogdan |  |
| Korsun The Cossacks win the battle of Korsun |
| Battle of Lens Anne of Austria | |
| Lens France defeats Spain |
| Battle of Preston Dean, Richard | |
| 19th Aug Preston The Scots are driven off by a charge of pikemen under Colonels Thomas Pride and Richard Dean |
| Battle of Preston Lambert, John | |
| 17th Aug Preston As a cavalry Commander serving under Cromwell defeats the Scottish-Royalists |
| Battle of Preston Milton, John | |
| 19th Aug Preston A small tributary of the Ribble, causes the poet John Milton later to write of "Darwen's stream with blood of Scots imbued" |
| Battle of Preston Pride, Thomas | |
| 19th Aug Preston The Scots are driven off by a charge of pikemen under Colonels Thomas Pride and Richard Dean |
| Battle of Preston Baille, William | |
| 17th Aug Preston First day of the disastrous Battle of Preston |
| 19th Aug Preston A victory by the troops of Oliver Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by the Duke of Hamilton, the Parliamentarian victory presaged the end of the Second English Civil War |
| 19th Aug Preston Surrenders at the Battle of Preston after making a final stand at Winwick |
| 19th Aug Preston The Scots are driven off by a charge of pikemen under Colonels Thomas Pride and Richard Dean |
| Battle of Winwick Pass Cromwell, Oliver | |
| 19th Aug Winwick Pass Fighting in the fields outside the town of Preston, the English Parliamentarian forces of Oliver Cromwell inflict a major reverse on the Anglo-Scottish Royalist army of the Duke of Hamilton |
| Battle of Zolte Wody Chmielnicki, Bogdan | |
| Zolte Wody The Cossacks win the battle of Zolte Wody |
| Birth Sheffield | |
| Birth of John Sheffield, only son of the 2nd Earl of Mulgrave |
| Commander Rupert of the Rhine |  |
| Appointed Commander of the Royalist Fleet, reconcilled with Charles I |
| Commander Charles X Gustavus |  |
| Stockholm Appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army |
| Constitution Cromwell, Oliver | |
| Agrees Parliament's decision to cease constitutional negotiations with the King |
| Before the execution of Charles I the Commons makes itself the highest body |
| Fails to persuade Charles to accept Constitutional limitations on monarchy |
| Constitution Pride, Thomas | |
| 6th Dec London Expels 140 Presbyterians & Royalists from Parliament, creating the rump Parliament |
| Constitution Anne of Austria | |
| Describes the Chambre as a "republic within the monarchy" |
| Grants concessions to the Chambre by withdrawing Mazarine's intendants |
| 22nd Sep Signs a declaration granting further reform |
| 22nd Sep worried her son will be a "cardboard King" |
| Death Fairfax | |
| Death of Ferdinando Fairfax |
| Death Herbert | |
| 20th Aug Death of Edward Herbert |
| Demonstrations Anne of Austria | |
| Paris Demonstrators force Anne to release Broussel & call for the removal of Mazarin |
| Diplomacy Charles I | |
| London Parliament discovers Charles ' secret negotiations with Scotland |
| Exile of Alexis I Mikhaylovich Alexis I Mikhaylovich | |
| Has his tutor & regent exiled after the rebellion of Moscow to save his life |
| Exile of Somerset Somerset, Edward | |
| Forced into exile |
| Governor Brahe | |
| Stockholm Appointed Governor General of Finland, 2nd term |
| Independence William II |  |
| Spain gies up the "generality of lands" & closes the port of Antwerp |
| The 7 Dutch Provinces are granted independence |
| Invasion of England Hamilton, James | |
| 8th July Leads an inexperienced Army into England |
| Lieutenant General Baille, William | |
| Appointed Lieutenant-General of foot in the Duke of Hamilton's Army |
| Lieutenant General Baille, William | |
| Appointed Lieutenant-General of foot in the Duke of Hamilton's Army |
| Marriage Alexis I Mikhaylovich | |
| Marries Maria Miloslavskaia |
| Parliament Charles I | |
| 15th Jan London Following his treaty with the Scots Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles I |
| Parliament Fairfax, Thomas | |
| 6th Dec London Attempts to form a provisional Government around the Independent Members of Parliament |
| 7th Dec London Opposes Colonel Thomas Pride's purge of Parliament |
| Parliament Pride, Thomas | |
| 6th Dec London Expels 140 Presbyterians & Royalists from Parliament, creating the rump Parliament |
| Parliament Alexis I Mikhaylovich | |
| Opens the Zemski Sobor, Parliament, to redress grievances |
| Peace William II | |
| Establishes peace with Spain which recognizes the Independence of the United Provinces |
| Signs a peace Treaty with Spain ending 80 years of war |
| Peace Ferdinand III |  |
| 24th Oct Signs the peace Treaty which ends the Thirty Years War |
| Purge Pride, Thomas | |
| 6th Dec London Expels 140 Presbyterians & Royalists from Parliament, creating the rump Parliament |
| Rebellion Ladislas IV |  |
| The Cossacks rebel under Chmielnicki |
| Rebellion Alexis I Mikhaylovich | |
| Moscow The rebellion leeds to the drafting of a new code of law, Sobornoe Ulozhenie |
| Ukraine Bogdan Chmielnicki leads a Cossack rebellion in the Ukraine |
| Rebellion Chmielnicki, Bogdan | |
| Ukraine Bogdan Chmielnicki leads a Cossack rebellion in the Ukraine |
| Rule of Alsace Anne of Austria | |
| 24th Sep Westphalia Under the treaty of Westphalia France receives Alsace |
| Rule of Bremen Oxenstierna | |
| Oct Bremen Sweden gains the Bishopric of Bremen |
| Rule of Lorraine Anne of Austria | |
| 24th Sep Lorraine Under the treaty of Westphalia France receives most of Lorraine |
| Rule of Pomerania Frederick William | |
| 24th Oct Pomerania Under the Treaty of Westphalia Prussia is awarded East Pomerania |
| Rule of Pomerania Oxenstierna | |
| Oct Pomerania Sweden gains west Pomerania |
| Rule of Verden Oxenstierna | |
| Oct Verden Sweden gains the Bishopric of Verden |
| Rule of Wismar Oxenstierna | |
| Oct Wismar Sweden gains Wismar |
| Siege of Paris Mazarin, Jules | |
| Dec Paris Parlement refuses funds & Mazarin calls on the Conde's troops to surround Paris |
| Succession John II Casimir | |
| Succeeds as King of Poland |
| Treaty of Munster William II | |
| Munster Recognizes the Independence of the Dutch Republic of the United Provinces |
| Munster The south remains under Spanish rule |
| Treaty of Munster Philip IV |  |
| Munster Recognizes the independence of the United Provinces |
| Treaty of Newport Ireton, Henry | |
| 6th Dec Newport Asks Pride to exclude from Parliament those who had voted for the Newport treaty |
| Treaty of Scotland Charles I | |
| 15th Jan London Following his treaty with the Scots Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles I |
| Treaty of Westphalia Anne of Austria | |
| 24th Sep Westphalia Catholic & Protestant states are given equality in the Empire |
| 24th Sep Westphalia France receives Alsace, most of Lorraine & garrison Philipps burg on the Rhine |
| 24th Sep Westphalia The Treaty of Westphalia ends the 30 Years War, signed by the Empire & France |
| 24th Sep Westphalia The treaty of Westphalia is guaranteed by France & Sweden |
| Treaty of Westphalia Mazarin, Jules | |
| 24th Sep Westphalia Mazarin's policy is justified as the war ends favourably for France |
| 24th Sep Westphalia Taxes can be cut & the army can be used to control the French Parlement |
| Treaty of Westphalia Frederick William | |
| 24th Oct Westphalia Prussia gains East Pomerania |
| Treaty of Westphalia John George I | |
| 24th Oct Westphalia Peace with Sweden & possessions confirmed |
| 24th Oct Westphalia Saxony falls behind Brandenburg in leadership of the German states |
| Treaty of Westphalia Philip IV | |
| Westphalia The independence of Holland is recognized |
| Treaty of Westphalia Oxenstierna | |
| Oct Westphalia Sweden gains west Pomerania, Wismar & the Bishoprics of Bremen & Verden |
| Trial Charles I | |
| 13th Dec London The "Rump Parliament" of 60 members votes that Charles be brought to trial |
