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| Arrest Wentworth, Thomas |  |
| Dec Tower of London Imprisoned in the Tower of London after being impeached by the Long Parliament |
| Assembly Opening Charles I | |
| 24th Sep York Calls an Assembly of Notables, lay & clerical |
| Battle of Cadiz Breze, Jean Armand de |  |
| 22nd July Cadiz Defeats a Spanish fleet under Gomez de Sandoval |
| Battle of Cadiz Sandoval, Gomez de |  |
| 22nd July Cadiz Defeated by the French fleet |
| Battle of Newburn Charles I | |
| 28th Aug Newburn Covenantor victory against Charles I at the battle of Newburn |
| 28th Aug Newburn The only battle of the Second Bishops' War |
28th Aug Newburn Two days after the battle the city of Newcastle is surrendered to the Scots  |
| Battle of Newburn Graham, James | |
| Aug Newburn Commands the cavalry under Lord Leven against the forces of Charles I |
| Battle of Newburn Leslie, Alexander | |
| 28th Aug Newburn Leads to the Treaty of Ripon |
| 28th Aug Newburn Two days after the battle the city of Newcastle is surrendered to the Scots |
| Battle of Newburn Monck, George | |
| Newburn Saves the English artillery at the battle of Newburn |
| Birth Leopold I |  |
| Birth of Leopold I, 2nd son of Emperor Ferdinand III |
| Capture Charles I | |
| 30th Aug Newcastle The Covenantorscapture Newcastle |
| Capture Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de | |
| Arras The French capture Arras |
| Turin The French capture Turin |
| 6th Jan Salses The French withdraw from Salses in Rousillon |
| Capture Turenne | |
| Turin Captures Turin |
| Capture Louis XIII |  |
| 8th Aug Arras Louis XIII captures Arras |
| Capture Keith | |
| 9th May Aberdeen Captures Aberdeen for the Covenantors |
| Capture Leslie, Alexander | |
| 30th Aug Newcastle The Covenantorscapture Newcastle |
| 19th Sep Edinburgh The Covenantorscapture Edinburgh |
| Capture Marischal | |
| 8th May Aberdeen Captures Aberdeen for the Royalists |
| Capture Olivares | |
| Artois Spain surrenders Artois to France |
| Cardinal Mazarin, Jules | |
| Appointed Cardinal |
| Chamber Charles I | |
| 3rd Nov London The Long Parliament abolishes the Star Chamber |
| Commander Tortensson, Lennart |  |
20th May Appointed Commander of the Swedish army in Germany  |
| Constitution Charles I | |
| 11th June Edinburgh Scotland declares its votes can become acts without the King's assent |
| 3rd Nov The Long Parliament votes that Parliament cannot be dissolved without its consent |
| Convocation Bishops Laud, William | |
| Canterbury Called illegally by Laud who proclaims the divine right of Kings |
| Canterbury Supports Charles I'srulewithout Parliament |
| Council York Charles I | |
| 24th Sep York Charles I calls the Great Council to York |
| Demonstrations Charles I | |
| Oct London There are demonstrations in the City of London for Charles to open Parliament |
| Diet Regensburg Frederick William | |
| 13th Sep Regensburg Wants peace without concessions based on the Peace of Prage |
| Election Cromwell, Oliver | |
| Huntingdon Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon |
| Impeachment Wentworth, Thomas | |
| 11th Nov Strafford is impeached |
| Independence Philip IV | |
Portugal  becomes independent from Spain |
| Invasion of Brazil Olivares | |
| Madrid Organizes an Armada to attack the Dutch in Brazil but it is defeated |
| Invasion of England Charles I | |
| Charles sees himself as the "Defender of the Faith" |
| The Scots invade with a crusade for presbyterianism |
| 20th Aug London Charles I leaves London for the north |
| Nov Durham The Scots advance as far as Durham |
| Invasion of England Leslie, Alexander | |
| 20th Aug Durham Launches aninvasion of Nth East England & reaches Durham |
| 20th Aug River Tweed Crosses into England & begins the 2nd Bishops War |
| Jansenism Jansenius, Cornelius | |
| Lays down the foundations of Jansenism, conflicting with the Jesuits & the state |
| Member of Parliament Ashley-Cooper, Anthony | |
| London Appointed Member of the Short Parliament |
| Parliament Charles I | |
| London Charles's attempted offer to cease the levying of Ship Money does not impress the Members of Parliament |
| London Parliament refuses to grant any money to Charles until its grievences are redressed |
| April London After 11 years of attempting personal rule, Charles recalls Parliament under the advice of Lord Wentworth, recently created Earl of Strafford |
| April London Charles I opens the "Short Parliament", to finance the war |
| April London Opens Parliament to finance the war |
| 13th April London Calls the 1st Parliament in 10 yrs to raise œ300,000 to fight the Scots Covenantors |
| 17th April London John Pym makes his long speech expressing the refusal of the House of Commons to vote subsidies without a reduction of royal abuse |
| May London Dissolves Parliament after it refuses to finance the war |
| 4th May London Dissolves Parliament after failing to raise extra finances, after just 3 weeks |
| 2nd June Edinburgh 1st day, 2nd session, of Charles' 2nd Parliament in Scotland |
| 11th June Edinburgh Final day, 2nd session, of Charles' 2nd Parliament in Scotland |
| 11th June Edinburgh Scotland declares its votes can become acts without the King's assent |
| 15th July Edinburgh 1st day, 3rd session, of Charles' 2nd Parliament in Scotland |
| 3rd Nov London Charles recalls Parliament which refuses to fund his war against the Scots |
| 3rd Nov London Opens the "Long Parliament" to pay his army & the Scots after thetreaty of Ripon |
| 3rd Nov London Parliamentary demands lead ultimately to the English Civil War |
| 3rd Nov London 5th & last Parliament |
| 3rd Nov London Opened to maintain his army in the nth because a Scottish army had reached Durham |
| Parliament Pym, John | |
| London Opens the Short Parliament & becomes its leader |
| London Petitions Charles I to come to terms with the Scots , the King to dissolve Parliament |
| 17th April London John Pym makes his long speech expressing the refusal of the House of Commons to vote subsidies without a reduction of royal abuse |
| 3rd Nov London Keeps in secret contact with the Scots , the King is tempted to arrest him for treason |
| 3rd Nov London Pym wishes to use Parliament as a means of confrinting the KIng with resolved issues |
| Peerage Wentworth, Thomas | |
| Jan Stratford Created Earl Stratford |
| Petition Charles I Pym, John | |
| London Petitions Charles I to come to terms with the Scots , the King to dissolve Parliament |
| Petition Root & Branch Charles I | |
| 11th Dec The Root & Branch petition |
| Plot Charles I | |
| London Marie de'Medici & 600 others are entertained at court, fears of a Catholic plot |
| Prerogative Courts Pym, John | |
| Abolishes the prerogative courts which served the King in enforcing his policies |
| Privy Council Ashley-Cooper, Anthony | |
| London Appointed Privy Councillor |
| Publication Jansenius, Cornelius | |
| Publication of, "Augustinus", the outlines of Jansenism |
| Rebellion Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de | |
| Lisbon Supports the Portuguese rebellion against Spain |
| Lisbon John IV becomes King & founds the Braganza Dynasty |
| Lisbon Supports the Portuguese rebellion against Spain |
| Lisbon John IV becomes King & founds the Braganza Dynasty |
| Lisbon Supports the Portuguese rebellion against Spain |
| Normandy Arebellion over a salt tax is crushed by the army & by use of military terror |
| Rebellion Olivares | |
| Lisbon Attempts Castilianization of the Spanish monarchy & provokes therebellion of Portugal |
| Portugal The Dutch sign a 10 year truce during Portugal 'srebellion against Spain |
| Rebellion Philip IV | |
| Catalonia Catolonia rebels & declares allegiance to Louis XIII |
| Reform Charles I | |
| 3rd Nov London The Long Parliament declares extra Parliamentary taxation illegal |
| Reform Cromwell, Oliver | |
| London Moves the 2nd reading of the Bill for annual Parliaments |
| Rule of Durham Charles I | |
| 16th Oct Durham Under the terms of the Treaty of Ripon Scotland is awarded Durham |
| 26th Oct Durham Thetreaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham |
| Rule of Durham Leslie, Alexander | |
| 26th Oct Durham Thetreaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham |
| Rule of Northumberland Charles I | |
| 16th Oct Northumberland Under the Treaty of Ripon the Scots are to keep Northumberland |
| 26th Oct Northumberland Thetreaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham |
| Rule of Northumberland Leslie, Alexander | |
| 26th Oct Northumberland Thetreaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham |
| Rule of Scotland Charles I | |
| 11th June Edinburgh Scotland declares its votes can become acts without the King's assent |
| Siege of Aberdeen Marischal | |
| 8th May Aberdeen Captures Aberdeen for the Royalists |
| Siege of Berwick Ruthven, Patrick | |
| Berwick Surrenders Berwick to the Covenanters |
| Siege of Durham Charles I | |
| Sep Durham The Covenantors lay siege to Durham after the victory at Newburn |
| Siege of Edinburgh Ruthven, Patrick | |
| Edinburgh Holds Edinburgh Castle for Charles I against the Covenanters |
| Siege of Newcastle Leslie, Alexander | |
| 30th Aug Newcastle The Covenantorscapture Newcastle |
| Speech Pym, John | |
| 17th April London John Pym makes his long speech expressing the refusal of the House of Commons to vote subsidies without a reduction of royal abuse |
| Succession Frederick William | |
| Succeeds as King of Prussia |
Prussia Prepares for the growth in Prussian power by successful wars with Sweden & Poland  |
| Succession John IV | |
| Lisbon Succeeds as King of Portugal |
| Succession Ibrahim |  |
| Succeeds as Sultan of Turkey |
| Treaty of Covenanters Charles I | |
| Forced to sign a humiliating Treaty with the Scottish "covenanters" |
| The Scottish Covenanters resist Charles' attempts to impose a high Church |
| Treaty of Ripon Charles I | |
| 16th Oct Ripon The Scots keep Northumberland & Durham |
| 16th Oct Ripon The Scots will be paid œ850 per day until an English Parliament resolves final terms |
| 26th Oct Ripon Ends the Second Bishop's War between Charles I & the Scots |
| 26th Oct Ripon Thetreaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham |
| 26th Oct Ripon The 2nd Treaty of Ripon ends the 2nd Bishop's War |
| 3rd Nov Ripon Opens the "Long Parliament" to pay his army & the Scots after thetreaty of Ripon |
| 3rd Nov Ripon Under the terms of the Treaty Charles opens Parliament |
| Treaty of Ripon Graham, James | |
| Nov Ripon The Treaty of Ripon ends hostilities, present at the signing |
| Treaty of Ripon Leslie, Alexander | |
| 26th Oct Ripon Ends the Second Bishop's War between Charles I & the Scots |
| 26th Oct Ripon Thetreaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham |
| Turku University Brahe | |
| Turku 1st Finnish University |
| Turku Lectures are delivered in Finnish which marks the beginning of a national awareness |
| University of Abo Brahe | |
| Abo Founds the University of Abo |
